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Kuva Margit Mannila Case Study How, why, What ?    When used? Exploring a phenom enon in context, using one or more data collection methods. Describing in depth a case or cases. Exploratory case studies How, what?   When used?  Used when there is no single set of outcomes. Exploratory Case Study . (29.9.2021) "Aim to answer ‘how’ or ’why’ questions with little control on behalf of researcher over occurrence of events. This type of case studies focus on phenomena within the contexts of real-life situations. Example: “An investigation into the reasons of the global financial and economic crisis of 2008 – 2010.” [...] aim to find answers to the questions of ‘what’ or ‘who’. Exploratory case study data collection method is often accompanied by additional data collection method(s) such as interviews, questionnaires, experiments etc. Example: “A study into differences of leadership practices between private and public sector organizations in Atlanta, USA.” ( ...

   Kuva Margit Mannila   Action research may also be called a cycle of action or cycle of inquiry , since it typically follows a predefined process that is repeated over time. A simple illustrative example: Identify a problem to be studied Collect data on the problem Organize, analyze, and interpret the data Develop a plan to address the problem Implement the plan Evaluate the results of the actions taken Identify a new problem Repeat the process (Source Action research /Glossary of Education research 4.10.2021.)   Table 1 Traditional Research & Action Research   Adapted from: Mc Millan, J. H. & Wergin. J. F. (1998). "Understanding and Evaluating Educational Research via What is Action Research ? University of Central Missouri. (4.10.2021).     Figure  Interpretation of the action research cycle, Macintyre (2000,  1) in Clark,  Porath,  Thiele & Jobe (2020, 14)   Organizing your Literature "When you beg...